Tech Guide

4G Technologies


4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.

Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2007), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release versions should be considered to be 4G or not, as discussed in the technical definition section below.

In the United States, Sprint (previously Clearwire) has deployed Mobile WiMAX networks since 2008, while MetroPCS became the first operator to offer LTE service in 2010. USB wireless modems were among the first devices able to access these networks, with WiMAX smartphones becoming available during 2010, and LTE smartphones arriving in 2011. 3G and 4G equipment made for other continents are not always compatible, because of different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX is currently (April 2012) not available for the European market.

Contents [hide]
1 Technical understanding
2 Background
3 IMT-Advanced requirements
4 System standards
4.1 IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards
4.1.1 LTE Advanced
4.1.2 IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced
4.2 Forerunner versions
4.2.1 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
4.2.2 Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)
4.2.3 TD-LTE for China market
4.3 Discontinued candidate systems
4.3.1 UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)
4.3.2 Flash-OFDM
4.3.3 iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems
5 Data rate comparison
6 Principal technologies in all candidate systems
6.1 Key features
6.2 Multiplexing and access schemes
6.3 IPv6 support
6.4 Advanced antenna systems
6.5 Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR)
7 History of 4G and pre-4G technologies
7.1 Deployment plans
7.1.1 Africa
7.1.1.1 Rwanda
7.1.1.2 Kenya
7.1.1.3 Morocco
7.1.1.4 Alegria
7.1.2 Asia
7.1.2.1 China
7.1.2.2 Afghanistan
7.1.2.3 India
7.1.2.4 Indonesia
7.1.2.5 Kazakhstan
7.1.2.6 Maldives
7.1.2.7 Middle East
7.1.2.8 Pakistan
7.1.2.9 Philippines
7.1.2.10 Russian Federation
7.1.2.11 South Korea
7.1.2.12 Sri Lanka
7.1.2.13 Thailand
7.1.2.14 Turkmenistan
7.1.3 Europe
7.1.3.1 Austria
7.1.3.2 Belgium
7.1.3.3 France
7.1.3.4 Germany
7.1.3.5 Ireland
7.1.3.6 Italy
7.1.3.7 Greenland
7.1.3.8 Luxembourg
7.1.3.9 Macedonia
7.1.3.10 Malta
7.1.3.11 Netherlands
7.1.3.12 Norway
7.1.3.13 Poland
7.1.3.14 Romania
7.1.3.15 Scandinavia
7.1.3.16 Slovakia
7.1.3.17 Slovenia
7.1.3.18 Spain
7.1.3.19 Switzerland
7.1.3.20 United Kingdom
7.1.4 America
7.1.4.1 Canada
7.1.4.2 Brazil
7.1.4.3 Mexico
7.1.4.4 United States
7.1.5 Oceania
7.1.5.1 Fiji
7.1.5.2 New Zealand
7.1.5.3 Australia
8 Beyond 4G research
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Technical understanding[edit]
In March 2008, the International Telecommunications Union-Radio communications sector (ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).[1]

Since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. According to operators, a generation of network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced requirements, could nevertheless be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed".[2]

Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m') and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of the above two systems, standardized during the spring 2011,[citation needed] and promising speeds in the order of 1 Gbit/s. Services were expected in 2013.[needs update]

As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, but all-Internet Protocol (IP) based communication such as IP telephony. As seen below, the spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems, is abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and other frequency-domain equalization (FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer very high bit rates despite extensive multi-path radio propagation (echoes). The peak bit rate is further improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.

Background[edit]
The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak bit rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers (higher system spectral efficiency in bit/second/Hertz/site).

New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analogue (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s peak bit rate, in 2011/2012 expected to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all-Internet Protocol (IP) packet-switched networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.

While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standards bodies such as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP.

In the mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework for what standards should be considered 3G systems, requiring 200 kbit/s peak bit rate. In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.

The fastest 3G-based standard in the UMTS family is the HSPA+ standard, which is commercially available since 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstream (22 Mbit/s upstream) without MIMO, i.e. only with one antenna, and in 2011 accelerated up to 42 Mbit/s peak bit rate downstream using either DC-HSPA+ (simultaneous use of two 5 MHz UMTS carriers)[3] or 2x2 MIMO. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream.[citation needed]

IMT-Advanced requirements[edit]
This article uses 4G to refer to IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following requirements:[4]

Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.
Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access.[1]
Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell.
Using scalable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.[1][5]
Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15-bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75-bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).
System spectral efficiency is, in indoor case, 3-bit/s/Hz/cell in downlink and 2.25-bit/s/Hz/cell in uplink.[1]
Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
The ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.
In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.[6] Basically all proposals are based on two technologies:

LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP
802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)
Implementations of Mobile WiMAX and first-release LTE are largely considered a stopgap solution that will offer a considerable boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and LTE Advanced are deployed. The latter's standard versions were ratified in spring 2011, but are still far from being implemented.[4]

The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.[7] LTE Advanced was to be standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be based on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and will not be defined as a new specification series. A summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is included in a technical report.[8]

Some sources consider first-release LTE and Mobile WiMAX implementations as pre-4G or near-4G, as they do not fully comply with the planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile.[citation needed]

Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as 4G but which according to some sources are pre-4G versions,[citation needed] commonly referred to as '3.9G',[citation needed] which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards,[citation needed] but today can be called 4G according to ITU-R.[citation needed] A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands from 3G technologies ;[citation needed] that they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm ;[citation needed] and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3G,[citation needed] whilst some of the standards are forwards compatible with IMT-2000 compliant versions of the same standards.[citation needed]

System standards[edit]
IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards[edit]
As of October 2010, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)[9] for inclusion in the ITU’s International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced program (IMT-Advanced program), which is focused on global communication systems that would be available several years from now.

LTE Advanced[edit]
See also: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) below
LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in 2013. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements.[10] LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology, but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds. Release 10 of LTE is expected to achieve the IMT Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently supports up to 300 Mbit/s of download speeds which is still short of the IMT-Advanced standards.[11]

Data speeds of LTE Advanced
LTE Advanced
Peak download 1 Gbit/s
Peak upload 500 Mbit/s
IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced[edit]
The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.[12]

Forerunner versions[edit]
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)[edit]
See also: LTE Advanced above

Telia-branded Samsung LTE modem
The pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is often branded "4G-LTE", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.

The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). The first LTE USB dongles do not support any other radio interface.

The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals, Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on December 14, 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.[13] As of November 2012, the five publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by MetroPCS,[14] Verizon Wireless,[15] AT&T Mobility, U.S. Cellular,[16] Sprint,[17] and T-Mobile US.[18]

T-Mobile Hungary launched a public beta test (called friendly user test) on 7 October 2011, and has offered commercial 4G LTE services since 1 January 2012.[citation needed]

In South Korea, SK Telecom and LG U+ have enabled access to LTE service since 1 July 2011 for data devices, slated to go nationwide by 2012.[19] KT Telecom closed its 2G service by March 2012, and complete the nationwide LTE service in the same frequency around 1.8 GHz by June 2012.

In the United Kingdom, LTE services were launched by EE in October 2012,[20] and by O2 and Vodafone in August 2013.[21]

Data speeds of LTE
LTE
Peak download 100 Mbit/s
Peak upload 50 Mbit/s
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)[edit]
The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels.[citation needed]

In June 2006, the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul, South Korea.[22]

Sprint has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of 29 September 2008, branding it as a "4G" network even though the current version does not fulfil the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.[23]

In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access is offered by a Russian company Scartel, and is also branded 4G, Yota.

Data speeds of WiMAX
WiMAX
Peak download 128 Mbit/s
Peak upload 56 Mbit/s
TD-LTE for China market[edit]
Just when Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMax are vigorously promoting in the global telecommunications industry, the former (LTE) is also the most powerful 4G mobile communications leading technology, and quickly occupied the Chinese market. TD-LTE, one of the two variants of the LTE air interface technologies, is not yet mature, but many domestic and international wireless carriers one after another turn to TD-LTE.

IBM's data show that 67% of the operators are considering LTE, because this is the main source of their future market. The above news also confirmed this statement of IBM. While only 8% of the operators are considering the use of WiMAX. WiMax can provide the fastest network transmission to its customers on the market, but still could challenge LTE.

TD-LTE is not the first 4G wireless mobile broadband network data standard, but it is China's 4G standard that was amended and published by China's largest telecom operator - China Mobile. After a series of field trials, is expected to be released into the commercial phase in the next two years. Ulf Ewaldsson, Ericsson's vice president said: "the Chinese Ministry of Industry and China Mobile in the fourth quarter of this year will hold a large-scale field test, by then, Ericsson will help the hand." But viewing from the current development trend, whether this standard advocated by China Mobile will be widely recognized by the international market is still debatable.

Discontinued candidate systems[edit]
UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)[edit]
Main article: Ultra Mobile Broadband
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the 3GPP2 standardization group to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology, favouring LTE instead.[24] The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream.

Flash-OFDM[edit]
At an early stage the Flash-OFDM system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard.

iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems[edit]
The iBurst system (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an early stage considered to be a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20.

Data rate comparison[edit]
The following table shows a comparison of the 4G candidate systems as well as other competing technologies.

Comparison of mobile Internet access methods
Common
Name Family Primary Use Radio Tech Downstream
(Mbit/s) Upstream
(Mbit/s) Notes
HSPA+ 3GPP 3G Data CDMA/FDD
MIMO 21
42
84
672 5.8
11.5
22
168 HSPA+ is widely deployed. Revision 11 of the 3GPP states that HSPA+ is expected to have a throughput capacity of 672 Mbit/s.
LTE 3GPP General 4G OFDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA 100 Cat3
150 Cat4
300 Cat5
(in 20 MHz FDD) [25]
50 Cat3/4
75 Cat5
(in 20 MHz FDD)[25] LTE-Advanced update expected to offer peak rates up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds and 100 Mb/s to mobile users.
WiMax rel 1 802.16 WirelessMAN MIMO-SOFDMA 37 (10 MHz TDD) 17 (10 MHz TDD) With 2x2 MIMO.[26]
WiMax rel 1.5 802.16-2009 WirelessMAN MIMO-SOFDMA 83 (20 MHz TDD)
141 (2x20 MHz FDD) 46 (20 MHz TDD)
138 (2x20 MHz FDD) With 2x2 MIMO.Enhanced with 20 MHz channels in 802.16-2009[26]
WiMAX rel 2 802.16m WirelessMAN MIMO-SOFDMA 2x2 MIMO
110 (20 MHz TDD)
183 (2x20 MHz FDD)
4x4 MIMO
219 (20 MHz TDD)
365 (2x20 MHz FDD) 2x2 MIMO
70 (20 MHz TDD)
188 (2x20 MHz FDD)
4x4 MIMO
140 (20 MHz TDD)
376 (2x20 MHz FDD) Also, low mobility users can aggregate multiple channels to get a download throughput of up to 1 Gbit/s[26]
Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM Mobile Internet
mobility up to 200 mph (350 km/h) Flash-OFDM 5.3
10.6
15.9 1.8
3.6
5.4 Mobile range 30 km (18 miles)
extended range 55 km (34 miles)
HIPERMAN HIPERMAN Mobile Internet OFDM 56.9
Wi-Fi 802.11
(11n) Mobile Internet OFDM/MIMO 288.8 (using 4x4 configuration in 20 MHz bandwidth) or 600 (using 4x4 configuration in 40 MHz bandwidth)
Antenna, RF front end enhancements and minor protocol timer tweaks have helped deploy long range P2P networks compromising on radial coverage, throughput and/or spectra efficiency (310 km & 382 km)

iBurst 802.20 Mobile Internet HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO 95 36 Cell Radius: 3–12 km
Speed: 250 km/h
Spectral Efficiency: 13 bits/s/Hz/cell
Spectrum Reuse Factor: "1"
EDGE Evolution GSM Mobile Internet TDMA/FDD 1.6 0.5 3GPP Release 7
UMTS W-CDMA
HSPA (HSDPA+HSUPA) UMTS/3GSM General 3G CDMA/FDD

CDMA/FDD/MIMO 0.384
14.4 0.384
5.76 HSDPA is widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 56 Mbit/s.
UMTS-TDD UMTS/3GSM Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD 16 Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM modulation similar to HSDPA+HSUPA
EV-DO Rel. 0
EV-DO Rev.A
EV-DO Rev.B CDMA2000 Mobile Internet CDMA/FDD 2.45
3.1
4.9xN 0.15
1.8
1.8xN Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz carriers used. EV-DO is not designed for voice, and requires a fallback to 1xRTT when a voice call is placed or received.
Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards.

For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.

Principal technologies in all candidate systems[edit]
Key features[edit]
The following key features can be observed in all suggested 4G technologies:

Physical layer transmission techniques are as follows:[27]
MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO
Frequency-domain-equalization, for example multi-carrier modulation (OFDM) in the downlink or single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel property without complex equalization
Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example (OFDMA) or (single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. linearly precoded OFDMA, LP-OFDMA) in the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-channels to different users based on the channel conditions
Turbo principle error-correcting codes: To minimize the required SNR at the reception side
Channel-dependent scheduling: To use the time-varying channel
Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and error-correcting codes
Mobile-IP utilized for mobility
IP-based femtocells (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadband infrastructure)
As opposed to earlier generations, 4G systems do not support circuit switched telephony. IEEE 802.20, UMB and OFDM standards[28] lack soft-handover support, also known as cooperative relaying.

Multiplexing and access schemes[edit]

This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter. Please help improve this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information. (May 2010)
Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA, and Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. These are based on efficient FFT algorithms and frequency domain equalization, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and adaptive traffic scheduling.

WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the LTE (telecommunication), OFDMA is used for the downlink; by contrast, Single-carrier FDMA is used for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus requires energy-inefficient linear amplifiers. Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and higher data rates can be achieved.

The other important advantage of the above-mentioned access techniques is that they require less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the MIMO environments since the spatial multiplexing transmission of MIMO systems inherently require high complexity equalization at the receiver.

In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques are being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used Phase-shift keying, more efficient systems such as 64QAM are being proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standards.

IPv6 support[edit]
Main articles: Network layer, Internet protocol and IPv6
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet switched network nodes, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will require low-latency data transmission.

By the time that 4G was deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion was expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6 is essential to support a large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses available, IPv6 removes the need for network address translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks.

As of June 2009, Verizon has posted specifications that require any 4G devices on its network to support IPv6.[29]

Advanced antenna systems[edit]
Main articles: MIMO and MU-MIMO
The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system, termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter.

Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR)[edit]
One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA), supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an open architecture platform.

SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.

History of 4G and pre-4G technologies[edit]
The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).[citation needed] The DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.[30][page needed] Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned and only a packet-switched network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G, traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony.

In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which ITU designated as IMT-Advanced—was laid out.
In 2005, OFDMA transmission technology is chosen as candidate for the HSOPA downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface E-UTRA.
In November 2005, KT demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in Busan, South Korea.[31]
In April 2006, KT started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in Seoul, South Korea.[32]
In mid-2006, Sprint announced that it would invest about US$5 billion in a WiMAX technology buildout over the next few years[33] ($5.85 billion in real terms[34]). Since that time Sprint has faced many setbacks that have resulted in steep quarterly losses. On 7 May 2008, Sprint, Imagine, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum; Sprint merged its Xohm WiMAX division with Clearwire to form a company which will take the name "Clear".
In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G communication system prototype with 4×4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary. NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12×12 MIMO using a 100 MHz frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h,[35] and is planning on releasing the first commercial network in 2010.
In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.[36]
In January 2008, a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectrum auction for the 700 MHz former analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.[37] Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting LTE.
In January 2008, EU commissioner Viviane Reding suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.[38]
On 15 February 2008, Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module for e-UTRAN.[39][40][41]
In November 2008, ITU-R established the detailed performance requirements of IMT-Advanced, by issuing a Circular Letter calling for candidate Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced.[42]
In April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a workshop on IMT-Advanced where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an evolution of current LTE standard, will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda.
In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h.[43]
On 12 November 2008, HTC announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G[44]
In 15 December 2008, San Miguel Corporation, the largest food and beverage conglomerate in southeast Asia, has signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC (Qtel) to build wireless broadband and mobile communications projects in the Philippines. The joint-venture formed wi-tribe Philippines, which offers 4G in the country.[45] Around the same time Globe Telecom rolled out the first WiMAX service in the Philippines.
On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC announcing the first operational "4G" mobile WiMAX network in Baltic states.[46]
In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in the United States, despite average download speeds of only 3–6 Mbit/s with peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not available in all markets).[47]
On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish network operator TeliaSonera and its Norwegian brandname NetCom (Norway). TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure created by Huawei (in Oslo) and Ericsson (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland.[48][49] TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz, and single-in-single-out, which should provide physical layer net bitrates of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP throughput of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.[50]
On 25 February 2010, Estonia's EMT opened LTE "4G" network working in test regime.[51]
On 4 June 2010, Sprint released the first WiMAX smartphone in the US, the HTC Evo 4G.[52]
In July 2010, Uzbekistan's MTS deployed LTE in Tashkent.[53]
On 25 August 2010, Latvia's LMT opened LTE "4G" network working in test regime 50% of territory.
On November 4, 2010, the Samsung Galaxy Craft offered by MetroPCS is the first commercially available LTE smartphone[54]
On 6 December 2010, at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010, the ITU stated that LTE, WiMax and similar "evolved 3G technologies" could be considered "4G".[2]
On 12 December 2010, VivaCell-MTS launches in Armenia a 4G/LTE commercial test network with a live demo conducted in Yerevan.[55]
On 28 April 2011, Lithuania's Omnitel opened a LTE "4G" network working in the 5 largest cities.[56]
In September 2011, all three Saudi telecom companies STC, Mobily and Zain announced that they will offer 4G LTE for USB modem dongles, with further development for phones by 2013.[57]
In 2011, Argentina's Claro launched a pre-4G HSPA+ network in the country.
In 2011, Thailand's Truemove-H launched a pre-4G HSPA+ network with nationwide availability.
On March 17, 2011, the HTC Thunderbolt offered by Verizon in the U.S. was the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially.[58][59]
On 31 January 2012, Thailand's AIS and its subsidiaries DPC under cooperation with CAT Telecom for 1800 MHz frequency band and TOT for 2300 MHz frequency band launched the first field trial LTE in Thailand with authorization from NBTC.[60]
In February 2012, Ericsson demonstrated mobile-TV over LTE, utilizing the new eMBMS service (enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service).[61]
On 10 April 2012, Bharti Airtel launched 4G LTE in Kolkata, first in India.[62]
On 20 May 2012, Azerbaijan's biggest mobile operator Azercell launched 4G LTE.[63]
On 10 October 2012, Vodacom (Vodafone South Africa) became the first operator in South Africa to launch a commercial LTE service.
In December 2012, Telcel launches in Mexico the 4G LTE network in 9 major cities
In Kazakhstan, 4G LTE was launched on December 26, 2012 in the entire territory in the frequency bands 1865–1885/1760–1780 MHz for the urban population and in 794-799/835-840 MHz for those sparsely populated
Deployment plans[edit]
Africa[edit]
Rwanda[edit]
As of 11 November 2014 Rwanda became the newest country to begin introducing 4G LTE services in its capital Kigali after months of testing.[64]

Kenya[edit]
Safaricom, the company with a 79% share of the market released its 4G network on December 4, 2014 in Nairobi and Mombasa ahead of rivals Airtel Kenya, yuMobile and Orange Kenya.[65]

Morocco[edit]
In 2009, Morocco launched Maroc Numeric 2013, an accelerated plan to position the country among the leaded emerging countries in communications and technology.[66] Discussions about the introduction of 4G surfaced since 2012 by the National Telecom Regulatory Agency (ANRT) and the 3 major providers, but licenses and auctions were delayed until late 2013.[67]

As of November 2014, Maroc Telecom, Meditel and Inwi have already realised tests over mobile 4G and succeed to reach debits up to 100Mbit/s.[68]

The official launch of 4G is due in early 2015.[69]

Alegria[edit]
Algérie Télécom announced the official launch of its new fixed-wireless LTE high-speed Internet, Tuesday, April 29, 2014.[70] Although the company brands its offer as 4G, the network is available only through fixed home equipments, the mobile 4G is yet to be launched in late 2015.[71]

Just few days after the announcements, controversies circulated around the use of the term 4G to describe the offers.[72]

Asia[edit]
China[edit]
In China, there were 13.97 million 4G subscribers in June 2014, almost all (13.93 million) on China Mobile. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has a goal of 50 million subscribers by the end of 2014.[73] It has been predicted that in 2016 there will be 60 million subscribers.[74]

Afghanistan[edit]
Telecom giant Etisalat Afghanistan, the first telecom company to launch 3.75G services in Afghanistan on 19th Feb, 2013 announced the commencement of test of its Long-term Evolution (LTE) 4G mobile network.

India[edit]
Bharti Airtel launched India's first 4G service, using TD-LTE technology, in Kolkata on April 10, 2012.[75] On June 2013 prior to the official launch in Kolkata, a group consisting of China Mobile, Bharti Airtel and SoftBank Mobile came together, called Global TD-LTE Initiative (GTI) in Barcelona, Spain and they signed the commitment towards TD-LTE standards for the Asian region. It must be noted that Bharti Airtel's 4G network does not support mainstream 4G phones such as Samsung Galaxy Note 3, Samsung Galaxy S4 and others.

Bharti Airtel 4G services are available in Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune and Chandigarh region (The Tricity or Chandigarh region consists of a major city Chandigarh, Mohali and Panchkula).
RIL is launching 4G services through its subsidiary, Jio Infocomm. RIL 4G services are currently available only in Jamnagar, where it is testing the new TD-LTE technology. Reliance's 4G rollout is planned to start in Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata and expand to cover 700 cities, including 100 high-priority markets in 2015.[76]
Bharti Airtel launched 4G on mobiles in Bangalore, thus becoming the first in India to offer such a service on 14th Feb, 2014
Bharti Airtel in July 2014, expanded 4G services to many cities in Punjab like Amritsar, Patiala, Hoshiarpur, Ajitgarh, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Phagwara and Kapurthala.[77] Until July 2014, Customers in these cities access 4G services through dongles and wifi modems on Apple iPhone 5S and 5C, XOLO LT 900 and LG G2 (model D802T).
Aircel in July 2014, launched 4G in four circles Telangana, Assam, Bihar and Odisha.[78]
India uses 2.3 GHz frequency (band 40).

Tikona Digital Networks holds broadband wireless access spectrum in the 2300 MHz band and is waiting for the appropriate time and maturity of the 4G ecosystem before making a foray into the space. Tikona holds 4G spectrum[79] licences in five circles in northwest India, covering Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (East and West) and Himachal Pradesh.[80]

Indonesia[edit]
During APEC meeting on October 1–8, 2013 in Bali, Telkomsel will conduct 4G LTE network trial. Telkomsel 4G LTE network will operate at 1800 MHz frequency. As part of the program it will sell "simPATI LTE Trial Edition" prepaid SIM card.[81]

Since November 2013, PT Internux, with brand Bolt 4G, has commercialized LTE 4G service using TDD-LTE. Initially, Bolt 4G is only available on 2300 MHz covering Jakarta and the surrounding cities.[82]

Kazakhstan[edit]
By the end of 2012, the national telecommunication operator JSC Kazakhtelecom launched 4G services in both Astana and Almaty. It is expected that by the end of 2013 the service will be available across the whole country.[citation needed]

Maldives[edit]
4G technology was introduced for the 1st time in Maldives by Ooredoo (formerly known as Wataniya) in April 2013. Currently serving over 33% of the population in Male, Hulhumale, Villingilli and Maafushi Island. Ooredoo operates its 4G network in both 700 MHz and 1800 MHz.[citation needed]

Middle East[edit]
Saudi Arabia: In mid September 2011, Mobily, announced their 4G LTE networks to be ready after months of testing and evaluations.
Oman: In July 2012, Omantel launched 4G LTE commercially.[83] In February 2013, Nawras launched 4G LTE commercially.[84][85]
UAE: In December 2012, Etisalat announced the commercial launch of 4G LTE services covering over 70% of country's urban areas.[citation needed] As of May, 2013 only few areas have been covered.[citation needed].
Lebanon: In 2012, Alfa and touch, announced their 4G LTE networks to be ready after months of testing and evaluations. And 4G LTE was officially launched in April 2013.[citation needed]
Qatar: In April 2013, Qtel, (now called Ooredoo) is set to launch its 4G LTE commercially in Qatar.[86]
Pakistan[edit]
Main article: Pakistani Telecom Spectrum Auction
On July 7, 2013, the Government of Pakistan announced the auction of 3G/4G operators in Pakistan[87]

On 23 April 2014, the government auctioned of 3G and 4G licenses to cellular service providers raising $1.182 billion in revenues. Zong became the country's first and only company to win a 4G license. Mobilink and Zong bid for the ‘superior’ 10 MHz band, while Telenor and Ufone preferred to bid on the cheaper 5 MHz band. Although Mobilink, having acquired the 10 MHz band, qualified for a 4G licence too, they opted not to go all the way.[88]

On May 2, 2014, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority allowed Warid Telecom to go public with 4G LTE services. Warid has planned to launch the service. If sources are to be believed then Warid is aiming to run the test on 4G LTE in last week of May 2014, while its already in process of deploying 4G LTE network in 5 cities, which it will announce after successful tests accordingly.[citation needed]

Philippines[edit]
As part of its massive network upgrade, Globe[89] has launched its 4th Generation Long-Term Evolution (4G LTE) network for mobile and broadband. To date, Globe has completed over 2,700 4G LTE network sites, with the number expected to rise to over 4000 by the end of 2012.

In September, Globe launched its 4G LTE network covering key commercial as well as residential areas in Makati, with more sites following shortly in Manila, Cebu, Davao, and other select regions. As more key activations are completed in the coming months, Globe subscribers will soon enjoy best-in-class mobile and broadband services across the Philippines.[citation needed]

Smart Communications was the first to roll out the fastest 4G LTE in the country (Philippines). Over 900 sites served nationwide with partner establishments. Cherry Mobile was the first local brand to release LTE ready mobile phone in the Philippines.

Russian Federation[edit]
Yota launched LTE service in March 2012.[90]

MegaFon launched LTE service in April 2012.[90]

MTS launched LTE service in September 2012.[91]

Vainakh Telecom launched LTE service in January 2013.[92] Network available in Chechnya.

Beeline launched LTE service in May 2013.[93]

Rostelecom launched LTE service in June 2013.[94]

South Korea[edit]
On July 7, 2008, South Korea announced plans to spend 60 billion won, or US$58,000,000, on developing 4G and even 5G technologies, with the goal of having the highest mobile phone market share by 2012, and the hope of becoming an international standard.[95]

Sri Lanka[edit]
On December 30, 2012, Dialog Broadband Networks launched Sri Lanka's first fixed TD-LTE service.[96]
On April 2, 2013, Dialog Axiata launched South Asia's first FD-LTE service in Sri Lanka.[97]
On June 2, 2013, Mobitel launched FD-LTE service in Sri Lanka.[98]
On January 19, 2014, Sri Lanka Telecom successfully demonstrated & launched its 4G LTE service.[99]

Thailand[edit]
Thailand National Broadcasting & Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) has earmarked 1.8 GHz and 2.3 GHz spectrum for 4G services. The 1.8 GHz will be available for auction around the 4th quarter of 2014 when the license for GSM service on the spectrum will expire. The 2.3 GHz spectrum is currently held by TOT Corp, a state enterprise. Negotiation on refarming part of the band is ongoing.[citation needed]

Truemove-H has launched Thailand's first commercial 4G LTE service on 8 May 2013 using 2100 MHz Band I.[100]

Operator Frequency ( MHz)
Truemove-H 2100
DTAC 2100
Turkmenistan[edit]
On 18 September 2013, the national telecommunication operator TM Cell launched 4G services in Turkmenistan.[101]

Europe[edit]
Austria[edit]
In August, 2009 Huawei and T-Mobile introduced Europe's largest trial LTE network. Both companies set up 60 cells in Innsbruck which are since July 2009 in service.[102]

In June, 2010 A1 Telekom Austria tested LTE with its partner Huawei in Vienna.[103]

On October 18, 2010, the allocation procedure for 2600 MHz frequency band was completed.[104] The following figure shows the current allocation for this frequency band:[105][106]

Frequency E-UTRA Band Bandwidth Type of LTE A1 Telekom Austria T-Mobile Austria Orange Austria* Hutchison 3
2600 MHz VII (7)
XXXVIII (38) 2×70 MHz
1×50 MHz FDD
TDD 2x20 MHz
1x25 MHz 2x20 MHz
- 2x10 MHz
- 2x20 MHz
1x25 MHz
*License holder formerly Orange Austria, now Hutchison Drei Austria GmbH
A1 Telekom Austria started the first commercial (FDD-)LTE service in Austria on 19 October 2010. Iniatially A1 Telekom Austria covered Vienna with 49 eNodeB's and St. Pölten with 3 eNodeB's.[107]

On 28 July 2011, T-Mobile Austria launched commercial LTE service in Vienna, Linz, Graz and Innsbruck.[108]

After A1 Telekom Austria and T-Mobile Austria started their LTE service Austria's smallest operator 3 introduced LTE commercially on 18 November 2011.[109]

In March, 2012, A1 Telekom Austria integrated Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB) and launched the first LTE Smartphone (HTC Velocity 4G) for the Austrian market.[107]

At the end of November, 2012, A1 Telekom Austria claims to reach 30% of the Austrian population with its LTE network. At this time, according to a press release, 800 EnodeB's were used.[110]

At the beginning of July, 2013, A1 Telekom Austria announced that the company has switched on their 1000th eNodeB.[111]

At the beginning of September, 2013, Bregenz, Dornbirn and Lustenau are covered by A1 Telekom Austria LTE.[112]

On 7 October 2013, T-Mobile Austria started LTE service for Smartphones. The company also announced plans for further LTE coverage. Until the end of 2013 parts of the city Bregenz, Klagenfurt, Salzburg and St. Pölten will be covered with LTE.[113]

On October 21, 2013, the multiband spectrum auction was completed. The following figure shows the current allocation for this frequency band:[114]

Frequency E-UTRA Band Bandwidth Type of LTE A1 Telekom Austria T-Mobile Austria Hutchison 3
800 MHz XX (20) 2×30 MHz FDD 2x20 MHz 2x10 MHz -
900 MHz VIII (8) 2×35 MHz FDD 2x15 MHz 2x15 MHz 2x5 MHz
1800 MHz III (3) 2×75 MHz FDD 2x35 MHz 2x20 MHz 2x20 MHz
At the end of November, 2013, Huchtison 3 and T-Mobile Austria intent to appeal auction results.[115][116]

On 4 December 2013, according to A1 Telekom Austria Klosterneuburg is covered with LTE.[117]

International LTE Roaming: 19. December, 2013, A1 Telekom Austria is the first Austrian operator which introduced LTE Roaming. The company signed a roaming agreement with Swisscom following by further countries (planned: Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, United States) in 2014. If Customers of A1 Telekom Austria want use LTE abroad they need either a LTE package or one of their new A1 Go! contract plans, launched in December 2013.[118]

On 28 January 2014, A1 announced commercial service for LTE 800 MHz on more than 200 sites. Austrians largest mobile operator covers currently 45% of the population with LTE. The company plans to cover more than 50% of the population until the end of 2014.[119][120]

On 11 March 2014, T-Mobile announced top LTE transmission speed raises to 150 Mbit/s.[121]

On 6 May 2014, Austrian Media announced that Hutchison 3 is waiting for approval to refarm 1800 MHz frequency to go further with LTE deployment.[122]

On 11 June 2014, A1 added LTE Roaming in Slovenia (Si.mobil). [123]

Belgium[edit]
On 28 June 2011, Belgium's largest telecom operator Belgacom announced the roll out of the country's first 4G network.[124] On 3 July 2012 it confirmed the outroll in 5 major cities and announced the commercial launch to take place before the end of 2012.[125]

France[edit]
On 22 November 2012, Orange launched the first 4G business plan in Marseille, Lyon, Lille and Nantes. Then, on 29 November 2012, SFR launched 4G in Lyon, extending to Montpellier. It was the first 4G commercial launch in France.

Germany[edit]
After the multiband spectrum auction (12.04. - 20.05.2010[126]) the frequency allocation in Germany is as follows:

Frequency E-UTRA Band Bandwidth Type of LTE Telekom Vodafone Telefónica O2 E-Plus Gruppe
800 MHz XX (20) 2×30 MHz FDD 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz -
1800 MHz III (3) 2×25 MHz FDD 2x15 MHz - - 2x10 MHz
2600 MHz VII (7)
XXXVIII (38) 2×70 MHz
1×50 MHz FDD
TDD 2x20 MHz
1x5 MHz 2x20 MHz
1x25 MHz 2x20 MHz
1x10 MHz 2x10 MHz
1x10 MHz
30 August 2010, Deutsche Telekom trialed LTE by using the 800 MHz frequency.[127]

1 December 2010, Vodafone started LTE by using 800 MHz frequency.[128]

5 April 2011, Deutsche Telekom launched LTE service on 800 MHz.[129]

1 June 2011, Deutsche Telekom started LTE service on 1800 MHz in Cologne.[129]

1 July 2011, o2 offers LTE on 800 MHz which is available in several rural communities, including Oberreichenbach in the Black Forest or Zscherben in Saxony-Anhalt.[130]

24 April 2012, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE for Bonn, Hamburg, Leipzig and Munich.[131]

3 July 2012, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE service for the following cities in Baden-Württemberg: Freiburg, Friedrichshafen, Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Pforzheim. Berlin. Bremen. Hesse: Darmstadt, Hanau, Ludwigshafen. Lower Saxony: Braunschweig, Celle, Hildesheim, Oldenburg. North Rhine-Westphalia: Gütersloh, Paderborn, Velbert. Rhineland-Palatinate: Kaiserslautern, Mainz. Saxony: Halle (Saale). Schleswig-Holstein: Neumünster. Thuringia: Erfurt and Gera.[132]

7 February 2013, o2 claimed to do the world's first handovers of voice calls from LTE to UMTS under realistic conditions.[133]

2 July 2013, o2 added LTE service in Duisburg, Essen and Hamburg.[134]

5 September 2013, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE category 4 with download speed of 150 Mbit/s at the IFA. LTE category 4 or LTE+, so called by Deutsche Telekom, is available in areas which are covered by the 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz frequency.[135]

15 November 2013, Telefónica and Vodafone have announced that they are testing LTE-Advanced in the German cities of Munich and Dresden.[136]

20 February 2014, Deutsche Telekom announced 580 Mbit/s data speed during LTE-A trials in Alzey.[137]

5 March 2014, E-Plus started commercial LTE service in Berlin, Nuremberg and Leipzig by using the 1800 MHz frequency.[138]

10 March 2014, at the CeBIT in Hannover Deutsche Telekom announced the launch of LTE-A with 300 Mbit/s for Q3 in 2014.[139]

International LTE Roaming: 22 May 2014, Vodafone added LTE Roaming within the Vodafone Group in the following six European countries. Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and UK. Vodafone also plans to launch LTE Roaming in other countries and on other networks.[140]

17 June 2014, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE Roaming for six European countries. (Belgium (Mobistar), France (Orange), Italy (TIM), Norway (Telenor), Poland (Orange) and Spain (Orange)) Followed by the UK. The company also plans further agreements with other operators.[141]

19 August 2014, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE Roaming for The Netherlands (KPN) and UK (EE).[142]

Ireland[edit]
In May 2005, Digiweb, an Irish wired and wireless broadband company, announced that they had received a mobile communications license from the Irish telecoms regulator ComReg. This service will be issued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G mobile communications.[143][144] Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using FLASH-OFDM technology at 872 MHz.

On November 15, 2012 the Commission for Communications Regulation (ComReg) announced the results of its multi-band spectrum auction.[145] This auction awarded spectrum rights of use in the 800 MHz, 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands in Ireland from 2013 to 2030. The winners of spectrum were Three Ireland, Meteor, O2 Ireland and Vodafone. All of the winning bidders in the auction have indicated that they intend to move rapidly to deploy advanced services.[146]

Frequency E-UTRA Band Bandwidth Type of LTE Vodafone Ireland Telefónica Ireland Meteor Hutchison 3
800 MHz XX (20) 2×30 MHz FDD 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz -
900 MHz VIII (8) 2×35 MHz FDD 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x5 MHz
1800 MHz III (3) 2×75 MHz FDD 2x25 MHz 2x15 MHz 2x15 MHz 2x20 MHz
Eircom launched their 4G network through Meteor and eMobile on 26 September 2013.[147]

On 14 October 2013, Vodafone started their 4G offer (mobile broadband only) in six cities (Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Kilkenny) and 23 towns (Carlow, Tralee, Wexford, Middleton, Carrigaline, Mallow, Killarney, Enniscorthy, Dungarvan, New Ross, Kenmare, Tullow, Kanturk, Bagnelstown, Thomastown, Millstreet, Bunclody, Newmarket, Dunmanway, Lismore, Rosslare Harbour, Rosslare Strand and Killorglin) across the country.[148]

On 9 December 2013, Vodafone switched on 4G for Smartphones and turned 4G service in eight additional towns (Ballincollig, Carrigtohill, Cloyne, Cobh, Enniscorthy, Fermoy, Gorey, Kinsale) on.[149]

On 27 January 2014, Three launched their 4G network in Dublin, Cork, Galway, Limerick, Wexford and Waterford.

Italy[edit]
Since the first half of December 2012, all of Italy's ISP have been offering or have plans to offer 4G services in some cities:

TIM: 2.500 cities (November 2014) and 60 cities in LTE Advanced
Vodafone: 2.500 cities (November 2014)
3 Italia: 280 cities (November 2014).[150]
WIND: 300 cities (November 2014)
International LTE Roaming: From 5 May 2014 customers of TIM are able to use 4G while roaming in Switzerland on Swisscom and from 14 May 2014 on Orange in Spain.[151] TIM added new roaming partners in Germany (Telekom) and Hong Kong (CSL) in June 2014.[152]

Greenland[edit]
TELE Greenland started LTE service (800 MHz - Band 20) at the beginning of December 2013.[153]

Luxembourg[edit]
Orange and Tango launched LTE in October 2012.[154] Post Telecom (formerly LuxGSM[155]) launched LTE in October 2013.[156] All operators are using the 1800 MHz frequency.

International LTE Roaming: On 24 June 2014 Orange announced LTE Roaming for the following countries from July 1, 2014: Canada, China, Germany, Greece, Italy, Romania, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, the UK and the USA.[157]

Macedonia[edit]
T-Mobile introduced 4G in Macedonia at the beginning of December 2013.[158]

Vip launched LTE service at the beginning of July 2014.[159]

Malta[edit]
4G technology was introduced in Malta by Vodafone on 9 October 2013.[160]

Netherlands[edit]
After the multiband spectrum auction in Q4-2012 KPN announced that the deployment of 4G services would start in February 2013 and that nationwide coverage will be available in Q1 2014.[161]

Vodafone has launched the 4G network in August 2013,[162] while T-Mobile announced only a roll-out in Q4 of 2013.[163] Tele2 will launch their network probably in the same time as T-Mobile, because they are using site/antenna-sharing.

As of Q1 2014, KPN will be the first network provider that has deployed a nationwide 4G network in the Netherlands.[164] Expectations are that both KPN and Vodafone will reach nationwide coverage in 2014. T-Mobile and Tele2, being lower-budget providers, will probably never reach a nationwide coverage, as is the case with their existing 2G and 3G networks. Tele2 will stay a MVNO (i.e., Tele2 will buy network capacity) on the T-Mobile network for 2G/3G Services and a MVNO on the KPN network for 2G/3G Business Services (previously Versatel).[165]

Network operator ZUM's plans remain unknown; only a small 2.6 GHz LTE network would be required to meet regulatory requirements.[citation needed]

After the multiband spectrum auction the frequency allocation in the Netherlands is as follows:[166]

Frequency E-UTRA Band Bandwidth Type of LTE KPN Vodafone T-Mobile Tele2 ZUM
800 MHz XX (20) 2x30 MHz FDD 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz
900 MHz VIII (8) 2x35 MHz FDD 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x15 MHz
1800 MHz III (3) 2x70 MHz FDD 2x20 MHz 2x20 MHz 2x30 MHz
1900 MHz XXXIII (33) 1x35 MHz TDD 1x5 MHz 1x5.4 MHz 1x24.6 MHz
2100 MHz I (1) 2x59,4 MHz FDD 2x19.8 MHz 2x19.6 MHz 2x20 MHz
2600 MHz VII (7)
XXXVIII (38) 2x65 MHz
2x65 MHz FDD
TDD 2×10 MHz
1×30 MHz 2x10 MHz
- 2x5 MHz
1x25 MHz 2x20 MHz
1x5 MHz
2x20 MHz
-
International LTE Roaming: On 16 February 2014 KPN announced LTE Roaming agreement with Orange in France and Telenor in Norway. Following by operators in the US, the UK, Russia, Japan, Spain, Austria, Switzerland, Poland and Saudi Arabia later this month. Brazil and China are scheduled to be included in March, Germany, Hong Kong, Croatia and Slovenia will be added in April, and Denmark, Canada and Finland will be included in June.[167][168]

Norway[edit]
After the multiband spectrum auction in December 2013.[169]

Frequency E-UTRA Band Bandwidth Type of LTE Telco Data Telenor TeliaSonera
800 MHz XX (20) 2×30 MHz FDD 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz
900 MHz VIII (8) 2×? MHz FDD 2x5 MHz 2x5 MHz 2x5 MHz
1800 MHz III (3) 2×? MHz FDD 2x20 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz
In April, 2014, Netcom launched LTE 800 MHz.[170]

In May, 2014, Tele2 launched LTE.[171]

Poland[edit]
On 31 August 2011, Plus (Polkomtel) launched 4G commercially in Poland. The download speed was up to 100 Mbit/s, while upload speed was up to 50 Mbit/s. On 25 October 2012, download speed was increased to 150 Mbit/s. It uses 1800 MHz spectrum.[citation needed]

Romania[edit]
On 31 October 2012, Vodafone has launched 4G tests.[172] Now 4G connectivity is available in several cities: Otopeni, Constanța, Galați, Craiova, Brașov, Bacău, Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Arad and Timișoara.[173]

International LTE Roaming: Since mid-May 2014 Orange offers LTE Roaming service which is currently available in the networks of Orange in Moldova, Poland and Spain and will also be extended to other networks during 2014.[174]

Scandinavia[edit]
TeliaSonera started deploying LTE (branded "4G") in Stockholm and Oslo November 2009 (as seen above), and in several Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish cities during 2010. In June 2010, Swedish television companies used 4G to broadcast live television from the Swedish Crown Princess’s wedding.[175]

Slovakia[edit]
After the multiband spectrum auction[176] the frequency allocation in Slovakia is as follows:

Frequency E-UTRA Band Bandwidth Type of LTE Orange Slovak Telekom Telefónica Slovakia SWAN
800 MHz XX (20) 2×30 MHz FDD 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz -
1800 MHz III (3) 2×20.4 MHz FDD 2x4.8 MHz - 2x0.6 MHz 2x15 MHz
2600 MHz VII (7)
XXXVIII (38) 2×70 MHz
1×50 MHz FDD
TDD 2x30 MHz
- 2x40 MHz
1x50 MHz -
- -
-
Slovenia[edit]
After the multiband spectrum auction in April 2014.[177]

Frequency E-UTRA Band Bandwidth Type of LTE Si.Mobil Telekom Slovenije Tusmobil
800 MHz XX (20) 2×30 MHz FDD 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz
900 MHz VIII (8) 2×35 MHz FDD 2x15 MHz 2x15 MHz 2x5 MHz
1800 MHz III (3) 2×75 MHz FDD 2x30 MHz 2x25 MHz 2x10 MHz
2100 MHz XXXIV (34) 1×? MHz TDD 2x20 MHz - -
2600 MHz VII (7)
XXXVIII (38) 2×70 MHz
1×50 MHz FDD
TDD 2x35 MHz
1x25 MHz 2x35 MHz
1x25 MHz -
-
Spain[edit]
On May 9, 2013, Yoigo announced its service, which will use the 1800 MHz band and offer speeds up to 100Mbit/s, and will first be launched in Madrid on July 19.[178]

On May 13, Orange Espana announced it will launch its 4G network on 8 July, simultaneously in six of the country's largest cities: Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Malaga and Murcia. A further nine cities — Bilbao, Zaragoza, Alicante, Cordoba, A Coruña, Valladolid and Vigo on the mainland, Palma de Mallorca in the Balearic Islands and Las Palmas in the Canary Islands — will be live by the end of 2013.[179]

Since 30 May 2013, 4G is available in Spain thanks to Vodafone 4G. According to the company, services will use 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz spectrum and will offer download speeds of up to 150Mbit/s and upload speeds of 50Mbit/s.[180]

On week 9, 2014, during the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona Vodafone tested LTE-A with speed of 540 Mbit/s.[181]

On 7 March 20