Tech Guide

LTE Advanced


LTE Advanced is a mobile communication standard and a major enhancement of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. It was formally submitted as a candidate 4G system to ITU-T in late 2009 as meeting the requirements of the IMT-Advanced standard, and was standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in March 2011 as 3GPP Release 10.[1]

Contents
1 Background
2 Proposals
3 Timeframe and introduction of additional features
4 Technology demonstrations
5 Deployment
6 Devices
7 Bibliography
8 References
9 External links
9.1 Resources (white papers, technical papers, application notes)

Background
The LTE format was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan and has been adopted as the international standard.[2] LTE standardization has matured to a state where changes in the specification are limited to corrections and bug fixes. The first commercial services were launched in Sweden and Norway in December 2009[3] followed by the United States and Japan in 2010. More LTE networks were deployed globally during 2010 as a natural evolution of several 2G and 3G systems, including Global system for mobile communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) (3GPP as well as 3GPP2).

The work by 3GPP to define a 4G candidate radio interface technology started in Release 9 with the study phase for LTE-Advanced. Being described as a 3.9G (beyond 3G but pre-4G), the first release of LTE did not meet the requirements for 4G (also called IMT Advanced as defined by the International Telecommunication Union) such as peak data rates up to 1 Gb/s. The ITU has invited the submission of candidate Radio Interface Technologies (RITs) following their requirements in a circular letter, 3GPP Technical Report (TR) 36.913, "Requirements for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced)."[4] These are based on ITU's requirements for 4G and on operators’ own requirements for advanced LTE. Major technical considerations include the following:

Continual improvement to the LTE radio technology and architecture
Scenarios and performance requirements for working with legacy radio technologies
Backward compatibility of LTE-Advanced with LTE. An LTE terminal should be able to work in an LTE-Advanced network and vice versa. Any exceptions will be considered by 3GPP.
Consideration of recent World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-07) decisions regarding frequency bands to ensure that LTE-Advanced accommodates the geographically available spectrum for channels above 20 MHz. Also, specifications must recognize those parts of the world in which wideband channels are not available.
Likewise, 'WiMAX 2', 802.16m, has been approved by ITU as the IMT Advanced family. WiMAX 2 is designed to be backward compatible with WiMAX 1 devices. Most vendors now support conversion of 'pre-4G', pre-advanced versions and some support software upgrades of base station equipment from 3G.

The mobile communication industry and standards organizations have therefore started work on 4G access technologies, such as LTE Advanced. At a workshop in April 2008 in China, 3GPP agreed the plans for work on Long Term Evolution (LTE).[5] A first set of specifications were approved in June 2008.[6] Besides the peak data rate 1 Gb/s as defined by the ITU-R, it also targets faster switching between power states and improved performance at the cell edge. Detailed proposals are being studied within the working groups.

Proposals
The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements. LTE Advanced should be compatible with first release LTE equipment, and should share frequency bands with first release LTE. In the feasibility study for LTE Advanced, 3GPP determined that LTE Advanced would meet the ITU-R requirements for 4G. The results of the study are published in 3GPP Technical Report (TR) 36.912.[7]

One of the important LTE Advanced benefits is the ability to take advantage of advanced topology networks; optimized heterogeneous networks with a mix of macrocells with low power nodes such as picocells, femtocells and new relay nodes. The next significant performance leap in wireless networks will come from making the most of topology, and brings the network closer to the user by adding many of these low power nodes — LTE Advanced further improves the capacity and coverage, and ensures user fairness. LTE Advanced also introduces multicarrier to be able to use ultra wide bandwidth, up to 100 MHz of spectrum supporting very high data rates.

In the research phase many proposals have been studied as candidates for LTE Advanced (LTE-A) technologies. The proposals could roughly be categorized into:[8]

Support for relay node base stations
Coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception
UE Dual TX antenna solutions for SU-MIMO and diversity MIMO, commonly referred to as 2x2 MIMO
Scalable system bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz, up to 100 MHz
Carrier aggregation of contiguous and non-contiguous spectrum allocations
Local area optimization of air interface
Nomadic / Local Area network and mobility solutions
Flexible spectrum usage
Cognitive radio
Automatic and autonomous network configuration and operation
Support of autonomous network and device test, measurement tied to network management and optimization
Enhanced precoding and forward error correction
Interference management and suppression
Asymmetric bandwidth assignment for FDD
Hybrid OFDMA and SC-FDMA in uplink
UL/DL inter eNB coordinated MIMO
SONs, Self Organizing Networks methodologies
Within the range of system development, LTE-Advanced and WiMAX 2, can use up to 8x8 MIMO and 128 QAM in downlink direction. Example performance: 100 MHz aggregated bandwidth, LTE-Advanced provides almost 3.3 Gbit peak download rates per sector of the base station under ideal conditions. Advanced network architectures combined with distributed and collaborative smart antenna technologies provide several years road map of commercial enhancements.

A summary of a study carried out in 3GPP can be found in TR36.912.[9]

Timeframe and introduction of additional features[edit]
Original standardization work for LTE-Advanced was done as part of 3GPP Release 10, which was frozen in April 2011. Trials were based on pre-release equipment. Major vendors support software upgrades to later versions and ongoing improvements.

In order to improve the quality of service for users in hotspots and on cell edges, heterogenous networks (HetNet) are formed of a mixture of macro-, pico- and femto base stations serving corresponding-size areas. Frozen in December 2012, 3GPP Release 11[10] concentrates on better support of HetNet. Coordinated Multi-Point operation (CoMP) is a key feature of Release 11 in order to support such network structures. Whereas users located at a cell edge in homogenous networks suffer from decreasing signal strength compounded by neighbor cell interference, CoMP is designed to enable use of a neighboring cell to also transmit the same signal as the serving cell, enhancing quality of service on the perimeter of a serving cell. In-device Co-existence (IDC) is another topic addressed in Release 11. IDC features are designed to ameliorate disturbances within the user equipment caused between LTE/LTE-A and the various other radio subsystems such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and the GPS receiver. Further enhancements for MIMO such as 4x4 configuration for the uplink were standardized.

The higher number of cells in HetNet results in user equipment changing the serving cell more frequently when in motion. The ongoing work on LTE-Advanced [11] in Release 12, amongst other areas, concentrates on addressing issues that come about when users move through HetNet, such as frequent hand-overs between cells.

Technology demonstrations
Company Country Date Note
NTT DoCoMo Japan February 2007 [12] The operator announced the completion of a 4G trial where it achieved a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink
using 12 transmit and 12 receive antennas and 100 MHz frequency bandwidth to a mobile station moving at 10 km/h.
Agilent Technologies - February 2011 [13] The vendor demonstrated at Mobile World Congress the industry's first test solutions for LTE-Advanced
with both signal generation and signal analysis solutions.
Ericsson - June 2011 [14] The vendor demonstrated LTE-Advanced in Kista.
touch Lebanon April 2013 [15] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Chinese vendor Huawei and combined 800 MHz spectrum and 1.8 GHz spectrum. touch achieved 250 Mbit/s.
A1 Austria June 2013 [16] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Ericsson and NSN using 4x4 MIMO. A1 achieved 580 Mbit/s.
Telstra Australia August 2013 [17] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Swedish vendor Ericsson and combined 900 MHz spectrum and 1.8 GHz spectrum.
SMART Philippines August 2013 [18] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced.
SoftBank Japan September 2013 [19] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Tokyo with Chinese vendor Huawei. Softbank used spectrum 3.5 GHz spectrum band and achieved 770 Mbit/s.
beCloud/ MTS Belarus October 2013 [20] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Chinese vendor Huawei.
SFR France October 2013 [21] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Marseille and combined 800 MHz spectrum and 2.6 GHz spectrum. SFR achieved 174 Mbit/s.
EE United Kingdom November 2013 [22] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in London with Chinese vendor Huawei and combined 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum
and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum. EE achieved 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE.
O2 Germany November 2013 [23] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Munich with Chinese vendor Huawei and combined 10 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum
and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum. O2 achieved 225 Mbit/s.
SK Telecom South Korea November 2013 [24] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced and combined 10 MHz of 850 MHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum.
SK Telecom achieved 225 Mbit/s.
Vodafone Germany November 2013 [25] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Dresden with Swedish vendor Ericsson and combined 10 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum and
20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum. Vodafone achieved 225 Mbit/s.
Telstra Australia December 2013 [26] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Swedish vendor Ericsson and combined 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum.
Telstra achieved 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE.
Optus Australia December 2013 [27] The operator trialed TD-LTE-Advanced with Chinese vendor Huawei and combined two 20 MHz channels of 2.3 GHz spectrum.
Optus achieved over 160 Mbit/s.
Unitel Angola January 2014 [28] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Luanda with Swedish vendor Ericsson. Unitel combined 900 MHz spectrum and 1.8 GHz spectrum.
Sunrise Switzerland January 2014 [29] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Chinese vendor Huawei. Commercial service is planned for Q3 2014.
Telstra Australia January 2014 [30] The Swedish vendor Ericsson trialed LTE-Advanced with American supplier Qualcomm on the Telstra network.
Nokia Networks - February 2014 [31] The vendor demonstrated at Mobile World Congress 450 Mbit/s data speeds for individual users by using LTE-Advanced.
Elisa Finland February 2014 [32] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with American supplier Broadcom and Finnish vendor Nokia Networks.
Elisa combined 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum. Elisa achieved 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE.
Deutsche Telekom Germany February 2014 [33][34] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Alzey using 4x4 MIMO. Deutsche Telekom achieved 580 Mbit/s.
Commercial service is planned for summer 2014.
Vodafone Italy February 2014 [35] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Naples and combined 1.8 GHz spectrum and 2.6 GHz spectrum. Vodafone achieved 253 Mbit/s.
Vodafone Spain February 2014 [36] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Barcelona using 4x4 MIMO. Vodafone achieved 580 Mbit/s.
Eta Devices - February 2014 [37] The supplier demonstrated at the Mobile World Congress Envelope Tracking Advanced (ETAdvanced) for LTE-A over 80 MHz channels.
Base Belgium February 2014 [38] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Hasselt with Chinese vendor ZTE. Base achieved over 250 Mbit/s.
Orange Spain March 2014 [39] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Valencia and combined 10 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum.
Orange achieved 222 Mbit/s.
Etisalat UAE April 2014 [40] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Abu Dhabi with French vendor Alcatel-Lucent.
Etisalat combined 20 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum.
Etisalat achieved 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE.
China Mobile China April 2014 [41] The operator trialed TD-LTE-Advanced in Chengdu with Chinese vendor Huawei.
Magyar Telekom Hungary April 2014 [42] The operator demonstrated LTE-Advanced in Budapest with Swedish vendor Ericsson. Magyar Telekom achieved 250 Mbit/s.
Huawei - April 2014 [43] The Chinese vendor Huawei trialed LTE-Advanced with Qualcomm. Huawei achieved 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE.
Mobistar Belgium January 2014 -
April 2014 [44] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Mechelen with Chinese vendor Huawei. Mobistar combined 10 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum.
Mobistar achieved 213 Mbit/s.
Hrvatski Telekom Croatia May 2014 [45] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Varaždin. Hrvatski Telekom combined 10 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum and 10 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum.
Hrvatski Telekom achieved 136 Mbit/s.
Telstra Australia May 2014 [46][47] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Swedish vendor Ericsson and combined 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 40 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum.
Telstra achieved 450 Mbit/s.
Orange Spain May 2014 [48] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced again in Valencia and combined 10 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum.
Orange achieved 225 Mbit/s.
Telecom New Zealand New Zealand May 2014 [49] The operator trials LTE-Advanced in Auckland with Chinese vendor Huawei.
Telecom New Zealand combined 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum. Telecom New Zealand achieved up to 260 Mbit/s.
LG U+ South Korea June 2014 [50] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Chinese vendor Huawei. LG U+ combined 10 MHz of 850 MHz spectrum,
10 MHz of 2.1 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum. LG U+ achieved 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE.
Elisa Estonia June 2014 [51] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced and combined 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum.
Elisa achieved 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE. Commercial service is planned in Tallinn for the second half of 2014.
Vodafone Portugal June 2014 [52] The operator unveiled an LTE-Advanced router (Vodafone B4000) from Huawei (Huawei E5186).
Vodafone The Netherlands June 2014 [53] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Amsterdam and combined 10 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum. Vodafone achieved 225 Mbit/s.
Commercial service in ten cities, including Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, Leiden, Eindhoven, Den Bosch and Schiphol,
and reach another 50 medium and small cities is planned around year-end.
O2 Czech Republic July 2014 [54] The operator trials LTE-Advanced in the southeastern part of Vysočina Region. O2 achieved 185 Mbit/s.
Telecom Italia Italy July 2014 [55] The operator trialed LTE-Advanced in Turin with Swedish vendor Ericsson, Chinese vendor Huawei and Qualcomm.
Telecom Italia combined 1.8 GHz spectrum and 2.6 GHz spectrum.
O2 Czech Republic August 2014 [56] The operator trials LTE-Advance in Prague.
Deployment[edit]
Operator Country Date Note
Yota Russia February 2011 [57] The operator launched the first-ever commercial mobile implementation of the technology, at 11 of its base-stations around Moscow.
However compatible handsets weren't available until the first-half of 2013.
SK Telecom South Korea June 2013 [58] The operator announced to launch LTE-Advanced services.
LG U+ South Korea July 2013 [59] The operator unveiled an LTE-Advanced network built by the Swedish vendor Ericsson. LG U+ combine 850 MHz spectrum and 2.1 GHz spectrum.
LG U+ provides up to 150 Mbit/s which is equal to category 4 LTE.
KT South Korea September 2013 [60] The operator unveiled an LTE-Advanced network. KT uses 1.8 GHz spectrum. KT provides up to 150 Mbit/s which is equal to category 4 LTE.
csl. Hong Kong February 2014 [61] The operator unveiled an LTE-Advanced network built by the Chinese vendor ZTE. CSL combine 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum.
CSL provides up to 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE.
MegaFon Russia February 2014 [62] The operator unveiled an LTE-Advanced network in Moscow and Sochi built by the Chinese vendor Huawei. MegaFon combine two 20 MHz channels of 2.6 GHz spectrum.
MegaFon provides up to 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE.
VIVA Kuwait September 2013 [63] The operator announced to upgrade to LTE-Advanced.
Zain Kuwait November 2013 [64] The operator announced to roll out LTE-Advanced.
AT&T United States March 2014 [65] The operator unveiled an LTE-Advanced network in Chicago and other markets.
AT&T combined 700 MHz spectrum and 1.7 GHz spectrum. AT&T achieved 110 Mbit/s
SingTel Singapore May 2014 [66] The operator unveiled an LTE-Advanced network. SingTel combines 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum.
SingTel provides up to 300 Mbit/s which is equal category 6 LTE. A compatible device (Huawei E5786) will be available from mid-July 2014.
Swisscom Switzerland June 2014 [67] The operator unveiled an LTE-Advanced network. Swisscom combines 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum.
Swisscom provides up to 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE. A compatible device will be available from autumn 2014.
Bouygues France June 2014 [68] The operator unveiled an LTE-Advanced network in Bordeaux, Grenoble, Lyon and the Paris suburbs of Vanves, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Malakoff and Rosny-sous-Bois.
Bouygues Telecom provides up to 220 Mbit/s. Two compatible device from Huawei will be available from 1 July 2014.
Orange France June 2014 [69] The operator announced to launch LTE-Advanced services in July 2014. Commercial service is planned in Strasbourg and Toulouse.
Followed by plans to cover all of France's large cities by the end of the year.
T-Mobile Czech Republic July 2014 [70] The operator unveiled an LTE-Advanced in Mlada Boleslav. T-Mobile combines 10 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum.
T-Mobile provides up to 225 Mbit/s.
Telstra Australia July 2014 [71] The operator announced to launch LTE-Advanced in 2015.
Vodafone Czech Republic July 2014 [72] The operator launched LTE-Advanced in Karlovy Vary. Vodafone also combines 10 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 1.800 MHz spectrum.
Vodafone provides up to 225 Mbit/s and expects in the future maximum of 300 Mbit/s.
Orange France July 2014 [73] The operator announced the roll out of LTE-Advanced in Strasbourg and Toulouse.
EE United Kingdom July 2014 [74] The operator announced to launch LTE-Advanced in 2015.
SMART Philippines August 2014 [75] The operator launched LTE-Advanced in Mandaluyong.
BITE Lithuania August 2014 [76] The operator announced to roll out LTE-Advanced in early 2015.
EMT Estonia August 2014 [77] The operator launched LTE-Advanced in the area of Kiisa. EMT provides up to 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE.
Vodafone Romania September 2014 [78] The operator launched LTE-Advanced. Vodafone provides up to 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE.
Vodafone The Netherlands September 2014 [79][80] The operator launched LTE-Advanced. KPN combines 10 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum.
KPN The Netherlands September 2014 [80] The operator launched LTE-Advanced. Vodafone combines 10 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum.
Orange Romania September 2014 [81] The operator launched LTE-Advanced. Orange provides up to 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE.
Optus Australia September 2014 [82] The operator launched LTE-Advanced in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide. Optus combines two 20 MHz channels of 2.3 GHz spectrum.
Ooredoo Kuwait September 2014 [83] The operator announced to launch LTE-Advanced in 2014.
Telkom South Africa September 2014 [84] The operator announced to roll out LTE-Advanced in 2014.
Movistar Spain October 2014 [85] The operator launched LTE-Advanced in Barcelona and Madrid with speeds up to 300 Mbps.
Devices[edit]
Main article: List of devices with LTE Advanced
Bibliography[edit]
Qualcomm
Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, LTE for UMTS - OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, John Wiley & Sons 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-99401-6 Chapter 2.6: LTE Advanced for IMT-advanced, page 19-21.
Moray Rumney (editor), LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless: Design and Measurement Challenges, Agilent Technologies Publication 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-68261-6, Chapter 8.7: Proving LTE Advanced, page 425
Christina Gessner (editor), Long Term Evolution: A concise introduction to LTE and its measurement requirements, Rohde & Schwarz Publication 2011, ISBN 978-3-939837-11-4,
Preben E. Mogensen, Tommi Koivisto, Klaus I. Pedersen 1, et al.; Nokia Siemens Networks;LTE Advanced: The Path towards Gigabit/s in Wireless Mobile Communications, Wireless VITAE'09.
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Jump up ^ "PLDT’s Smart switches on LTE-A network". TeleGeography. 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2014-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Bite to roll out LTE-A in five cities in early 2015". TeleGeography. 2014-08-11. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
Jump up ^ "EMT launches LTE-Advanced". TeleGeography. 2014-08-27. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
Jump up ^ "Is it a bird? A plane? No, its Supernet from Vodafone". TeleGeography. 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2014-09-12.
Jump up ^ "KPN follows LTE-A launch with VoLTE trial". TeleGeography. 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vodafone, KPN trumpet LTE-A rollouts". TeleGeography. 2014-09-19. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Orange launches LTE Advanced in Romania". Telecompaper. 2014-09-19. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
Jump up ^ "Optus launches LTE-A commercially in four cities". TeleGeography. 2014-09-22. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Ooredoo Kuwait unveils plans to upgrde LTE network". Telecompaper. 2014-09-26. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Telkom starts roll-out of LTE Advanced". Telecompaper. 2014-09-30. Retrieved 2014-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Movistar launches 300 Mbps LTE-A in Madrid, Barcelona". Telecompaper. 2014-10-01. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
External links[edit]
LTE Advanced page on Qualcomm site
3GPP Official 3GPP Standardisation Page on LTE Advanced
LTE Advanced overview
Future use of LTE A femtocells
LTE Portal – 3GPP LTE / LTE Advanced Technology, dedicated portal created for information sharing, collaboration, and networking
Resources (white papers, technical papers, application notes)[edit]
LTE Blog – LTE Blog
ITU-R Confers IMT-Advanced (4G) Status to 3GPP LTE – LTE Advanced is officially 4G
The LTE / LTE Advanced Guide – a semi-annual publication on LTE / LTE Advanced, May and November 2010 publications are now available
LTE-Advanced Technology Introduction - this white paper summarizes improvements on LTE known as LTE-Advanced Rel.10
Introducing LTE-Advanced - Application Note
Introduction to LTE-Advanced Rel.11 - Summarization of improvements specified in LTE-Advanced Release 11.
LTE Transmission Modes and Beamforming - this white paper discusses the basics of beamforming and explains the eight MIMO transmission modes for LTE Release 9 onwards.
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Cellular network standards
0G (radio telephones)
MTS MTA · MTB · MTC · MTD IMTS AMTS OLT Autoradiopuhelin B-Netz
1G
AMPS family
AMPS (TIA/EIA/IS-3, ANSI/TIA/EIA-553) N-AMPS (TIA/EIA/IS-91) TACS ETACS
Other
NMT C-450 Hicap Mobitex DataTAC
2G
GSM/3GPP family
GSM CSD
3GPP2 family
cdmaOne (TIA/EIA/IS-95 and ANSI-J-STD 008)
AMPS family
D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
Other
CDPD iDEN PDC PHS
2G transitional
(2.5G, 2.75G)
GSM/3GPP family
HSCSD GPRS EDGE/EGPRS (UWC-136)
3GPP2 family
CDMA2000 1X (TIA/EIA/IS-2000) 1X Advanced
Other
WiDEN
3G (IMT-2000)
3GPP family
UMTS UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA
3GPP2 family
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0 (TIA/IS-856)
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(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
3GPP family
HSPA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ LTE (E-UTRA)
3GPP2 family
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IEEE family
Mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16e Flash-OFDM iBurst IEEE 802.20
4G
(IMT Advanced)
3GPP family
LTE Advanced (E-UTRA)
IEEE family
WiMAX-Advanced (IEEE 802.16m)
5G
Research concept, not under formal development
Links
Related articles
Cellular networks Mobile telephony History List of standards Comparison of standards Channel access methods Spectral efficiency comparison table Cellular frequencies GSM frequency bands UMTS frequency bands Mobile broadband NGMN Alliance MIMO
External links
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) IMT-2000/IMT-Advanced Portal Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (IEEE) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
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Telecommunications
History
Beacon Broadcasting Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telegraphy Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony
Telecommunications symbol
Pioneers
Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners-Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Guglielmo Marconi Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Papin Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin
Transmission
media
Coaxial cable Free-space optical Optical fiber Radio waves Telephone lines Terrestrial microwave
Network topology
and switching
Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching (circuit packet) Telephone exchange
Multiplexing
Space-division Frequency-division Time-division Polarization-division Orbital angular-momentum Code-division
Networks
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By continent
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Category Telecommunications · Telecommunication · Portal Telecommunication
Categories: 3GPP standardsEmerging standardsLTE (telecommunication)Mobile technologyMobile telecommunications